teaches general rules and principles that can be applied to any situation.
One of the basic principles of social cognitive theory is that it focuses on role models and the reinforcement that that model receives.
According to Ormrod modeling has several effects on a persons behavior. These effects are identified as:
1. Modeling teaches new behaviors. A person can learn new behaviors by observing others performing those behaviors.
2. Modeling influences the frequency of previously learned behaviors. People are more likely to exhibit behaviors that have been previously learned if they see others being reinforced for those behaviors.
3. Modeling may encourage previously forbidden behaviors. Sometimes, when a person observes a model engaging in a forbidden behavior, especially when the model is being reinforced, they are most likely to engage in the behavior too.
4. Modeling increases the frequency of similar behaviors. When a person observes a model performing a particular behavior, the person observing may display similar rather than identical behaviors (Ormrod, 2008, pp 127).
There are three types of models, live models, symbolic models and verbal instructions. A live model is an actual person demonstrating the behavior. A symbolic model is a person/character portrayed in the media, print (ie books, magazines) and other mediums. Verbal instructions are verbal instructions of how to behave (Ormrod, 2008).
Characteristics of an effective model are:
1. The model is competent.
2. the model has prestige and power.
3. The model behaves in stereotypical gender-appropriate ways.
4. The model's behavior is relevant to the observer's situation.
References:
Bastable, S.E. (2006). Essentials of Patient Education. Sudbury Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Ormrod, J. (2008). Human Learning (5th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall.
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